Introduction to medical waste treatment technology

2022年6月24日格灵迈百科 Relevant knowledge 27320

基于环境保护以及资源和能源回收利用的目的，着眼于可持续发展战略，国家对废物处理提出了资源化、无害化和减量化的原则。无害化指处理过的废物对人体健康及周围环境无害；减量化指处理过的废物的体积和数量明显减少以迖到减轻对人类和环境的危害；资源化指对废物适当处理以获取有用的物质和能源。目前常用的医疗废物处理技术大体分为３类：①常规处理方法，如消毒法、灭菌法、微波法和安全填埋法；②高温处理法，如焚烧法、热解法和气化法；③创新型技术，如等离子体技术。下表对几种常见的医疗废物处理技术的优缺点进行了对比。世界卫生组织声明，医疗废物处理技术的选择应遵循以下几点：设备风险评估最低，对人类健康和环境影响最小，低成本高收益且易于实施；能够充分灭活传染性微生物以迗到保护公共健康和安全的目的；选择技术前应了解废物的数量及种类。下表总结了医疗废物处理技术对不同医疗废物的适用性。

Processing technology	Technical parameter	Advantage	Shortcoming
landfill	医疗废物特性、地质条件、气候、规模等	Simple process and large processing capacity	低减容、高投资、土地占用量大，产生有地占用量大，产生有害气体（NH3、H2S等）和挥发性有机物，需监测土壤和地下水的质量。
Chemical disinfection	药剂浓度、温度、pH混合时间等	Simple process, good deodorization effect and fast disinfection	会产生废液、废气，消毒液对人体有害。挥发和半挥发有机物不适用此法。
Microwave treatment	微波强度、处理时间、废物特性等	Little pollution, easy to realize automatic treatment	The cost is high and the weight loss effect is poor. This method is not applicable to blood and dangerous chemicals.
temperature and high pressure steam sterilization	温度、压力、蒸汽穿透度、进料尺寸等	Low cost and good disinfection effect	The reduction is poor and easy to produce air pollutants. Formaldehyde, phenol and other substances are not suitable for this method.
Dry heat crushing sterilization method	Waste characteristics, temperature, etc	Low cost, no need for disinfectant	Crushing pretreatment is required, which is easy to produce odor and air pollutants
High temperature incineration	废物含水率、温度、停留时间等	减容、减重明显，适用所有废物类型，技术成熟，潜在热能可回收利用	易污染空气，产生二噁英、多环芳香族化合物、多氯联苯及有害气体（HF、SO2等），废渣和飞灰有毒
Pyrolysis treatment	温度、时间、物料尺寸及特性等	温度低，固定重金属，回收热能，可回收能量，废物无需分类和预处理	The space required is large, the installation cost is high, and radioactive substances and mercury cannot be treated
plasma gasification	Power, temperature, waste characteristics, etc	适合各种废物，节省空间，环境无害，回收能量，有毒残留物较低	New technologies are in the hands of European and American enterprises, and there are few domestic R & D enterprises

omparison of characteristics of various medical waste treatment technologies

Technology	Infectious waste	Dissecting waste	Cytotoxic waste	Chemical waste	Drug	Sharps
landfill	P	O	O	O	smaller part	O
Chemical disinfection	P	O	O	O	O
Microwave treatment	P	O	O	O	O	O
temperature and high pressure steam sterilization	P	O	O	O	O	P
Dry heat crushing sterilization method	P	O	P	P	P	P
High temperature incineration method	P	P	P	P	P	P
Pyrolysis treatment	P	P	P	smaller part	Small part or high temperature ≥ 850 ℃	P
Gasification method	P	P	P	P	P	P
plasma gasification	P	P	P	P	P	P