several commonly used medical waste treatment technologies

（1）填埋法

Landfill method is a common method in non incineration medical waste treatment technology. Although the landfill method is simple and low-cost, it will pollute the environment and endanger human health once it is improperly treated. In addition, three by-products (solid degradation waste, leachate, landfill gas) will also cause environmental pollution. Therefore, landfill method is not a safe method of medical waste treatment.

（2）化学消毒法

Chemical disinfection is the process of mixing the broken medical waste with disinfectants (peracetic acid, ozone, etc.) to kill microorganisms and decompose organic substances in the disinfection process. Disinfectants should be in full contact with medical waste to achieve better treatment effect. The degree of fragmentation of medical waste affects the penetrability of disinfectants. Chemical disinfection method has the characteristics of simple process equipment and operation, and low operation cost. However, most disinfectants are harmful to human body, and the treatment of toxic waste liquid is difficult. This method cannot be used for the treatment of radioactive waste, volatile and semi volatile waste.

（3）微波处理法

Microwave treatment technology of medical waste is an alternative technology to incineration. It uses electromagnetic waves with frequencies between radio waves and infrared rays to heat the water in the waste, so as to kill bacteria and achieve the purpose of disinfection and destruction of waste. Microwave method has good sterilization and volume reduction effect, does not need disinfectant and does not produce dioxin, but the type of waste treated by microwave method is limited, and the engineering construction and operation costs are high.

（3）高温高压蒸汽灭菌法

High temperature and high pressure steam sterilization is a common method of medical waste treatment. Autoclave is essentially a high-temperature and high-pressure metal container, with a sealable door and a group of pipes and hatches through which steam is introduced and removed from the container. In autoclaves, this process steams the waste to destroy potential infectious effects and kill pathogens before burying the waste. Since the high-pressure sterilization method is only applicable to limited wastes and highly infectious wastes, such as microbial cultures and sharps, the combination of crushing method and high-temperature and high-pressure steam method has a better effect on the treatment of medical wastes. The treatment of medical waste by high temperature and high pressure steam method will produce toxic substances and unpleasant smell. It is necessary to strengthen the treatment of waste liquid and gas to reduce the harm to the environment.

（4）干热粉碎灭菌法

干热粉碎灭菌法是将粉碎的医疗废物放置在密封的干热炉中加热到１００-１３１°Ｃ，利用干热空气杀灭微生物。干热粉碎灭菌需要维持足够的处理时间以达到灭菌效果。干热灭菌法具有灭菌效果好，运行成本低，不需要消毒剂的优点。但其也存在医疗废物必须进行破碎处理，干热处理过程会产生空气污染物及恶臭的缺点。

（5）焚烧法

Incineration is the main method to treat medical waste all over the world. It is widely used in all kinds of medical waste, such as polyethylene plastic, paper, waste equipment, etc. Incineration is an engineering process designed to treat waste. This process decomposes the organic part of waste by thermal oxidation at a high temperature between 900-1200 ℃. Incineration treatment of medical waste can completely eliminate bacteria and decompose organic matter, and achieve volume reduction to the greatest extent. However, the flue gas produced by incineration treatment of medical waste contains smoke, acid gas, toxic organic substances (dioxins, furans, etc.) and heavy metals, so flue gas purification devices need to be equipped.

（6）热解处理法

Pyrolysis treatment refers to the process of heating medical waste to 500-1000 ℃ under anoxic or anaerobic conditions. Due to the action of heat energy, the chemical bonds of thermally unstable organic substances are broken, so that macromolecules are transformed into small molecule gases, liquids and residues. The obtained pyrolysis gas can be purified and used, and can also be burned out in the secondary combustion chamber to finally obtain flue gas and ash. Pyrolysis method requires less air coefficient, less flue gas and easy treatment, and the cost is lower than that of incineration method; Acid gas environment such as anoxia and dechlorination greatly reduces the production of dioxins; There is no obvious selectivity for the treated medical waste. Its disadvantage is that the carbon in the residue is not easy to burn out.

（7）气化法

气化法是指将废弃物转化成可用气体并产生能量的过程。气化系统包括初级室和次级室，气化系统的周期和温度由计算机和逻辑控制器控制；温度在260℃时，在医疗废弃物中的挥发性物质在初级室开始气化挥发并在426℃完全气化；由于初级气化室是缺氧状态，有机物首先形成挥发性有机物（ＶＯＣ）而气化，之后挥发性有机物在二级室完全氧化，进而避免了有毒副产物的产生；次级室温度在1000℃以上，高温确保了对病原体的杀灭。该技术具有减量化程度高，灭菌效果好，回收能量节约能源的优点。但该技术设备费用高，性价比较低且对放射性废物和汞污染废物不适用。

（8）等离子气化技术

Plasma gasification technology is a modern technology for the safe treatment of medical waste, and it is also an environmental protection technology for converting organic waste into useful products. Plasma gasification technology has high energy and can quickly decompose waste to produce small molecular intermediates. The combustible gas produced by it is completely burned in the secondary combustion chamber and finally discharged after tail gas purification. Plasma technology has the advantages of fast heat and mass transfer rate, less dioxin production, simple flue gas purification, small volume, small floor area and simple operation. It is widely used in European and American countries.

编号	技术种类	成熟度	废弃物种类	能否处理医疗废物	主反应区温度	尾气处理	灰渣处理	初期投资	运行成本	处理规模
1	回转窑	成熟，占处理量的70%	适合混合处理	可以	1000℃左右	需要	需要	一般	一般	6-50t/ d
2	热解焚烧炉	成熟，国内有应用	医疗废物	可以	850℃左右	需要	需要	少	较少	3-10t/d
3	链条炉和炉排炉	成熟，国内有应用	较广	可以	1000℃左右	要求高	要求高	少	一般	较广
4	等离子气化	国外成熟，国内刚开始	不含汞的一切废物	可以	1200-2000℃	需要	安全	一般	较少	50-300t/d

四种医疗废物焚烧技术的性能指标比较表

项目	特点	项目	特点
使用能源	电	处理效率	高
气化成本	0.3元/ kg	安全性	高
气化温度	>1200℃	尾气处理设备	投资低
减量比	≤3%	运行成本	低
二噁英监测	符合国家标准	适用范围	任何垃圾废物
尾气	量小无烟无味五毒无害	工作环境	密封燃烧，环境洁净
灰渣	灰白无菌无味无毒无害	生态环境	无影响
分解速度	极快	自动化程度	高
电热转换效率	90%以上	技术类型	等离子气化高新技术

格灵迈等离子特种垃圾气化炉技术特征表

	GL-I型（处理油泥废油渣）	GL-Ⅱ型（处理医疗垃圾）
日处理量	50t	20-40t
系统功率	40KW	30KW
系统进料速度	–	–
系统进料重量	–	–
尾气排放量	–	–
温度	第一燃烧室	1200-1400℃	1200-1400℃
第二燃烧室	1100-1200℃	1100-1200℃
尾气排放	30-50℃	30-50℃
等离子发生器功率	10KW	KW

格灵迈等离子特种垃圾气化炉运行参数

格灵迈等离子特种垃圾气化炉运行温度监测结果

Serial number	检验项目	技术要求	检验结果
1	燃烧温度	主燃烧区	≥1400℃	1648℃
第二燃烧室	≥950℃	1063℃
距主燃烧室区炉壁170mm处	≥900℃	987℃
2	减量比（灰烬与垃圾重量比）	≤3%	1.24

注：(1)使用燃料为医疗垃圾，废油渣，助燃剂为空气（2）监测单位：上海市质量监督检验技术研究院质量检验中心

格灵迈等离子特种垃圾气化炉排放烟气监测结果

单位：浓度mg/m³速度kg/h

烟道名称	结果类别	监   测   项   目	标杆烟气流量（m3/h）
颗粒物	CO	NOX	SOZ	HCI	HF	黑度（级）
废气排放口（高度：3m）	实测排放浓度	90	384	211	＜1	26	0.54	0	55.1
排放速率	0.050	0.213	0.853	1X10-3	0.020	3X10-4	/

监测单位：上海市环境保护监测站

格灵迈等离子特种垃圾气化炉排放烟气中二噁英分析结果

二噁英类	实测浓度(Cs)	换算浓度（C）	毒性当量浓度（TEQ）
ng/m3	ng/m3	ngTEQ/m3
多氯二苯并对二噁英	2,3,7,8，-T4 CDD	0.043	0.063	X1	0.063
T4 CDDs	2.1	3.0	–
1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD	0.13	0.19	X0.5	0.097
P5 CDDs	0.44	0.64	–
1,2,3,4,7,8-H6 CDD	0.019	0.027	X0.1	0.0027
1,2,3,6,7,8-H6 CDD	0.029	0.042	X0.1	0.0042
1,2,3,7,8,9-H6 CDD	0.023	0.034	X0.1	0.0034
H6 CDDs	0.28	0.41	–
1,2,3,4,6,7,8，-H4 CDD	0.093	0.13	X0.01	0.0013
H7 CDDs	0.15	0.22	–
O4 CDD	0.62	0.089	X0.001	0.000089
PCDDs总量	3.0	4.4	X0.1	0.17
多氯二苯并呋喃	2,3,7,8，-T4 CDF	0.30	0.44	X0.1	0.044
T4 -CDFs	17	25	–
1,2,3,7,8-P4 CDF	0.23	0.33	X0.05	0.016
2,3,4,7,8-P5 CDF	0.22	0.33	X0.1	0.16
Ps CDFs	4.6	6.6	–
1,2,3,4,7,8-H6 CDF	0.14	0.20	X0.1	0.020
1,2,3,6,7,8-H6 CDF	0.15	0.21	X0.1	0.021
1,2,3,7,8,9-H6 CDF	0.12	0.17	X0.1	0.017
2,3,4,6,7,8-H6CDF	0.0066	0.0096	X0.1	0.00096
H6 CDFs	1.6	2.2	–
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7 CDF	0.17	0.25	X0.01	0.0025
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-H7 CDF	0.21	0.030	X0.01	0.00030
H6 CDFs	0.24	0.34	–
O8 CDF	0.20	0.29	X0.0001	0.00029
PCDFs总量	24	35	–	0.29
二噁英总量（PCDDs+PCDFs）	27	39	–	0.46

注：1、实测深度（Cs）:二噁英浓度测定值（ng/m³）

2、换算浓度（C）：二噁英浓度的11%含氧量换算值（ng/m³atO2=11%）。

C=（21-11）÷（21-Os）XCs    (Os=14.1%)

3、毒性当量浓度（TEQ）:2,3,7,8-T4 CDD毒性当量（ngTEQ/m3）

4、toxic equivalent factor (TEF): dioxin toxic equivalent factor specified in GB18484.

5、检出限：当实测浓度低于检出限时用“ N.D.” 表示，检出限如下:

T₄~P₄ CDD/F:0.0008ng/m³;H₆~H₇ CDD/F:0.002ng/m³;O₈CCD/F:0.004ng/m³。

6、表中的二噁英浓度均为标准状态下的数值。

监测单位：国家环境分析测试中心